Place your cutting in water in a container. Hoya nummularioides plants are warmth-loving plants and the optimum temperature to grow them is 65-90 Fahrenheit. Instead, theyre flatter. Apple; Alternatively, you can give your Hoya Nummularioides a support to climb it. The hoya is an asexual plant. 188 This is why many growers will keep it in a hanging basket. All Trees. Use sterilised scissors or cutters. } When they bloom Hoya Nummularioides Constantin has white flowers with a deeper pinky red center. While the velvety petals are a glistening white, the center or corona of a flower is pigmented rosy or the color of red wine. For this reason, the plant is hardy to USDA Zones 10 and 11 since the winters are very mild (and sunny) during wintertime with no frost or snows. They bloom in Spring and sometimes Fall. Once the initial stage is over, you should shift it to a well-suited soil mix, preferably with sphagnum moss, where it can grow properly. Common NameString of Turtles, Turtle Vine, Jade NecklaceScientific NamePeperomia ProstrataOriginEcuadorTemperature68F 75FpHneutral to acidic If youre interested in wax plant propagation, the most dependable technique is propagation via stem cuttings. Change the water once a week so it does not get murky. And the plant does need soil with these characteristics due to its epiphytic nature.if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'soilseedandgarden_com-mobile-leaderboard-2','ezslot_14',160,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-soilseedandgarden_com-mobile-leaderboard-2-0'); Good drainage is very important as it helps get rid of excess moisture. That said, you may never need to deal with any pests at all. The leaves are glossy and it is a trailing plant. Hoya Nummularioides is an epiphytic species that comes from rich jungles. Propagation: Other methods: Cuttings: Stem: Containers: Suitable for hanging baskets Needs excellent drainage in pots: Common names. 3" Hoya nummularioides . Bailey's Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture estimated 100 species. Outdoors, partial shade or a filtered spot will likewise work. It has verdant green leaves, and despite their robust appearance, they are very fuzzy to touch. Wax Plant; Porcelain Flower; . To treat root rot, you should: Choosing a suitable substrate is vital as you want a mixture that does not hold the water and lets it drain. Hoya Nummularioides like to have a lot of humidity and enjoy levels of fifty to seventy five percent. Links to affiliate programs may be included as well. It flowers in the autumn with a heavenly scented bloom and is a very pretty plant. Some more succulent species of Hoya dislike being constantly submerged in water. Start by taking a healthy cutting about three to six inches long. See it in Top Tropicals Plant Encyclopedia. if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'soilseedandgarden_com-netboard-1','ezslot_17',166,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-soilseedandgarden_com-netboard-1-0');The most important thing is to choose a fertilizer with sufficient essential minerals, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. (You'll obviously want to keep the leaves at the tip of the cuttings) Have you tried all of them? First and foremost, you will need to gather these materials to Propagate your Hoya plant. This only works for larger insects like mealybugs. Dropping leaves is an indication your Hoya Nummularioides is struggling with water. They each have small leaves that grow on a tailing vine. Stems are weakly leafy, leaves are formed only in some parts. "acceptedAnswer": { Enjoy the flowers as much as possible when they bloom because they only last a few days. Once you have chosen the container, pour enough water to submerge the lowest nod the rest of the stem should not be underwater. Gardening is such a rewarding hobby for me. "name": "Why do my Hoyas not bloom? The other advantage of propagating from stem cutting is that it has a high success rate. It would be best if you took more caution in summers as the sunlight is more intense then. To sterilize, just apply some rubbing alcohol using cotton on the blade. It can occupy the same place for several years, though the vines may intertwine with any objects in their way. You can use a pair or scissors, pruning shears or knife. Whichever way you choose to propagate the hoya plant, make sure that the new plants are not in direct sunlight or draught. They don't ask lots from the caretaker, as every day watering and repotting actions should not required by these vegetation to flourish. They are grown in clusters on the vines and are like miniature stars. Whether you know them as Therefore, you need to keep repeating every so often. They cause the plant to be deficient in essential nutrients. If provided with the desired conditions Hoyas can bloom, their flowers varying widely species-to-species with many different colors, siz . It is free and you dont need any special equipment to do it. Hoya nummularioides is an easy to grow plant that I would recommend to beginners. The critical point is that it is not a disease but a sign. Use a terra cotta pot (a bulb pan would be best) or a pond basket with the same approximate volume as the current pot for at least a year. }, When this happens, youll see its growth slow down. In this case, the stem should not contain more than two or three nodes. The vines are also supposed to grow long, and you can witness this if you use a hanging basket. Be sure there are nodes on the stem as well as a few leaves. These pests are attracted to its succulent-like foliage. The biggest reason for that is that the outcome is not certain. Ad vertisement from shop therareplanthaus. Pollination does not need to occur between male and female plants in order for it to multiply. The scent of Hoya flowers tends to become stronger during the night which suggests that they may target night pollinators. } "@type": "Question", If possible try and pick a vine that is not actively growing and that has immature leaves on. But its vines will grow long and spread out to the sides if you keep it in pot. Different watering amounts are required depending on the stage your Hoya Nummularioides is in. This will be in the spring and summer. You can purchase a Hoya Nummularioides for eight to fifty USD, depending on size and the company you buy your plant from. However, make sure that the fertilizer you buy is rich in the three core elements-nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. I also heard that unsuitable temperatures cause root rot, which is particularly challenging to treat. Secondly, you can use a humidity dish to increase the water concentration in the environment, and your Hoyas will feel relieved. As for the plant itself, the Hoya Nummularioides is a fast grower. If you can, place it on a heat mat or somewhere warm and bright. 55014: HOYA OBOVATA: ASC: $12.00: Pale pink fuzzy flowers on medium sized rounded leaves. They are looking for adequate light and will start growing leaves shortly after sprouting. It flowers once or twice a year under local conditions, namely after a short dry rest, often with the entire vine covered with tiny . They also come in different shapes although the most common youll see are the star-shaped blooms. However, something worth noting is that the plant does flower more when kept in higher humidity (ideally 60% and higher). Place it in a glass of water and wait until it develops roots, around 5-10 cm long. So, once you get the hang of how to do it you only need one stem cutting to grow a new plant. "text": "If you have a sunny window, you can keep them in the shade nearby. Stem cuttings are the easiest way to propagate a Hoya Nummularioides, follow these steps: Cut sections of the vine into pieces ith at least 3 or 4 leaves. You can either pin it in the same pot with the mother plant or use another pot. Find a suitable small pot and fill it with sphagnum moss. The leaf shape and texture is different. if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'soilseedandgarden_com-leader-3','ezslot_11',140,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-soilseedandgarden_com-leader-3-0');On the other hand, the opposite is true during winter. The plant needs all these to grow. As water sits it stagnates, as it stagnates bacterial activity increases and eventually the cutting will be starved of oxygen and rot. Free Ground Shipping on Orders Over $130* *Some Exclusions May Apply. Fortunately, they are beginner-friendly plants. Because the plant is sensitive to too much water, it is likewise very important to avoid overwatering it. A very dark place can severely affect growth." Though I have listed individual factors above, here are some general tricks and tips that you can use for a remarkable experience in growing your Hoya Nummularioides. When you touch them you will notice that they have a fuzzy texture to them. Before actually beginning the Hindu rope plant propagation (or any other Hoya plant) process make sure that the mother plant is healthy. The flowers have shapes like little white stars, with vermillion centers. . A takeaway container or plastic food container works well for this. Which Hoya plant propagation method is your favorite one? Also, the flower and foliage can be different when comparing Hoya Nummularioides varieties. The key to avoiding letting it get stressed in an overly tight pot. You can likewise wait until the soil is almost completely dry before doing so. Consider the rich scent while choosing a location for them, as some people are allergic to sweet scents and feel dizzy in their presence. So follow the vine back towards the roots until you get to some leaves. Your favorite Hoya fertilizer will likely be just fine. Hoya propagation is best is spring or summer when the plant is actively growing. link to String of Turtles Plant (Peperomia Prostrata): Ultimate Care Guide, link to Hindu Rope Plant: Ultimate Care Guide. The Hoya Nummularioides produces one of the smallest flowers within the hoya species. It is never the right approach because an excess of both water and sunlight is distressing for Hoya Nummularioides. The exact number of Hoya plant species is a mystery. Remove leaves from the lower stem. Today's Gardener (todaysgardener.com) participates in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program. Hoya nummularioides are native to rainforests and other regions with dense trees where the humidity content is relatively high. Placing it on a South facing window would be ideal. Water well, then set the pot aside to drain until the potting mix is evenly moist but not saturated. if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'soilseedandgarden_com-leader-2','ezslot_10',139,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-soilseedandgarden_com-leader-2-0');Therefore, you dont want to let it go bone dry for extended periods of time. Hoya Nummularioides Yellow Corona has stark white flowers with a small yellow center and tiny pink dots that circle the yellow center. Aphids can be red green or black, theyre insects with a sharp mouth that suck the cell sap out of the Hoya Nummularioides. The growth rate of Hoya Nummularioides is average. Garden Biology is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a way for websites to earn advertising revenues by advertising and linking to Amazon.com or .ca, .co.uk, etc. Repotting is more involved than potting up. In addition to a healthy mother plant from which you will take the cuttings, you will need some tools and additional equipment to make Hoya plant propagation work. On the other hand, if you feel like experimenting, then try luck with leaf cuttings or seeds. "acceptedAnswer": { This means that the plant has not built up much tolerance for cold climates. Firstly, drain any excess water pooled at the base of the plant. Cuttings will only root where they are submerged in water. Once the cutting has developed at least one root ~2cm long it can be put into a proper growing medium. The slightly pubescent leaves are medium green, 2.5-5 cm long and 2-3 cm wide. Make sure to use well-draining soil. Hoyas188 Hoyas188200-300Hoya. If you are in a dry area, using a humidifying dish or misting the leaves would be a great idea. Rooting hormone contains anti-fungal compounds and is designed to help the cut end of the plant callous quickly, so it's good to do if you have some on hand. ] Place the cutting inside the sphagnum and use a spray bottle to moisten the moss. Two of them have proven quite successful (stem cuttings, layering), while the other two can be slightly challenging (leaf cuttings, seeds). The minimum temperature for Hoya nummularioides is 60 degrees Fahrenheit. However, the scent can be too strong and may release toxins in the air. They also produce a lovely sweet scent. They're native to Southeast Asia and their common name, waxplant, refers to their thick, waxy leaves which help them retain water in the heat. Also, the plant enjoys being snug in a pot. Although you do need to have some patience as it takes a few months for the plant to grow from a stem cutting to having some leaves on it. if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'soilseedandgarden_com-sky-3','ezslot_24',148,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-soilseedandgarden_com-sky-3-0');That said, this takes years. Thus, keeping the plant happy. This plant is harder to come by than other Hoya Nummularioides but is well worth it to own. So, keeping it where pets and children do not stumble would be a better idea. plantladylin (Zone 1) Dec 23, 2007. At the very least, wait until the top 1-2 inches of soil is dry before adding more moisture. Simply take the cutting as directed above and place it in a jar of water, with the leaves above the surface of the water. therareplanthaus From shop therareplanthaus. If water is not changed regularly then cuttings are prone to rotting. Remove the leaves at the base, dip in root hormone and insert into the rooting medium in a 3-inch pot. And because you want the plant to bloom, phosphorus likewise plays an important role, especially when the Hoya Nummularioides is about to flower. Hoya nummularioides. Plastic bags. Additionally, it does not always get all the nutrients its needs from the soil. So, keeping it where pets and children do not stumble would be a better idea." And I thought, I ought to share these blooms with the world, so I bumped up . Using Stem Cuttings and Soil. It is one of the few varieties of Hoya Pubera. They are a vine that grows as close to its light source as It possibly can. In about three to five-week, the nodes should have roots pop out of them. In a few weeks you should see roots emerging. The optimum temperature range for this plant is between 65 to 90 degrees Fahrenheit. This is a plant community that focuses on the amazingness of this genus. Put the cutting in a jar of water to root (with the leaves out of the water and naked nodes under the surface). Video TikTok t Hoa Cm c phc (@phucshoyagraden): "Hoya nummularioides l loi hoa thm nhiu hoa rt xinh#hoacamcu".Hoya nummularioides - . View gallery. I demonstrate hoya propagation in Ep. I was feeling fairly masochistic the day I got mine from a local grocery store as a 6" pot for $14 USD. These, along with roots coming out from the drainage holes at the bottom of the pot, are signs that the plant needs repotting. While you are waiting for the roots to form, make sure the soil is moist all the time since the stem needs water to grow roots. One example would be placing the plant under a tree since the branches and leaves will diffuse the light. if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'soilseedandgarden_com-narrow-sky-1','ezslot_15',145,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-soilseedandgarden_com-narrow-sky-1-0');One a month feeding during the spring and summer is sufficient. This way of Hoya plant propagation is not very popular among gardeners. It should to be light and airy so that the roots have the room to form and grow. Hindu Rope Plant Facts Therefore, you can keep it in a small pot or pot bound for a while. Find more gardening information on Gardening Know How: Keep up to date with all that's happening in and around the garden. This plant used to be sold as Hoya nummularioides, and that's still how Gardino and Vermont Hoyas list is. "name": "Is it okay to keep my Hoya Nummularioides plant indoors? Thank you for reading my helpful and hopefully fun gardening tips. The most sensible way to prevent it is to provide your plant with indirect sunlight. "text": "No particular hazards, as such, are known for this plant. Read about some other lovely Hoyas like Hoya Fungii, Hoya Calycina, and Hoya Cinnamomifolia. This allows them to take advantage of the plants lovely long stems. Therefore, you always want to be wary of overwatering and waterlogged soil. if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'soilseedandgarden_com-mobile-leaderboard-1','ezslot_13',142,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-soilseedandgarden_com-mobile-leaderboard-1-0'); Fertilizing your Hoya Nummularioides is important as it needs nutrients to grow optimally. It has thin shoots (3-5 mm in diameter) and internodes of different lengths - from 1 to 20 cm. Hoya pubera "nummularioides" is a new label I've started seeing. If you start with a few cuttings, it will barely take a few months to spread out and acclaim its space. A bunch of these is even smaller than an average-sized thumb. These are the most common pests that will come and attack the plant. You can also pick them by hand but remember to wear gloves and cover any bare skin while doing it. Sign up for our newsletter. Therefore, its roots get a lot of air circulation because of this. And the best way to give it a similar very breathable environment is to use lightweight, chunky soil that provides good aeriation. A newer one to our growing Hoya offerings! Place the cutting in a small pot with Alan's special propagation mix. Now, if you have chosen water propagation, all you need to do is find a container that is long enough to support the stem this will depend on the stems length. Hoya Plants are low-maintenance houseplants with attractive waxy leaves and fragrant flower clusters. Once the cutting roots, plant it in a pot filled with well-drained potting mix or orchid mix. Hoya Nummularioides also utilize this process. Yes there definitely is a difference in the two. 1. "@type": "FAQPage", HoyanummularioidesConstantin Family Name: Apocynaceae Full Sun Semi Shade Moderate Water Occasional Misting Suitable for Hanging Baskets Fragrant Plant Ornamental Flowers Drought Tolerant Climber, Vine and Liana Epiphyte Explore more topics Name Classifications and Characteristics Biogeography Description and Ethnobotany Landscaping Features Dip the cut end in rooting hormone (optional), https://planthelp.me/w/index.php?title=Hoya_propagation&oldid=1794. Finally, if you want to see your Hoya Nummularioides bloom, it is very important to keep a few things in mind. (Recipe: 3 parts perlite, 3 parts coco-peat, 1 part vermiculite). You should grow Hoya nummularioides freely if you live in USDA hardiness zone 10. It helps them in a process called transpiration, through which water distributes minerals and nutrients to plant organs as it rises. Cut a healthy stem with a least two or three leaves. "text": "It is the lack of one of the conditions described above that delays their blooming. In addition to mealybugs, other sap sucking insects like aphids and spider mites can also appear. Is it okay to keep my Hoya Nummularioides plant indoors? B) acclimate the plant to full sun and site it in full sun - outdoors is best. If you love your plants features and want to place it in other spaces, propagating it is convenient and economical. This is why it often takes between 2 to 4 years, sometimes 5 years before growers will repot their Hoya Nummularioides. "@type": "Question", There are two ways in which you can propagate hoya cuttings water and soil propagation. In part, this is because it is an epiphyte. The leaves of Hoya Nummularioides are waxy and thick. Even though Hoya is less prone to catching mealybugs, it is not a strange occurrence, and you should regularly examine the plant. The natural contrast between snowy white flowers and lush green leaves is an aesthetically pleasing sight. It is less likely to bloom in low light. Family: Apocynaceae (a-pos-ih-NAY-see-ee) Genus: Hoya (HOY-a) . if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'soilseedandgarden_com-medrectangle-4','ezslot_21',161,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-soilseedandgarden_com-medrectangle-4-0');if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'soilseedandgarden_com-medrectangle-4','ezslot_22',161,'0','1'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-soilseedandgarden_com-medrectangle-4-0_1'); .medrectangle-4-multi-161{border:none !important;display:block !important;float:none !important;line-height:0px;margin-bottom:15px !important;margin-left:auto !important;margin-right:auto !important;margin-top:15px !important;max-width:100% !important;min-height:250px;min-width:250px;padding:0;text-align:center !important;}In any case, the Hoya Nummularioides is a rare plant thats native to Thailand, Cambodia and other parts of tropical Asia. Just follow these tips for your plant to thrive: Place your plant in a warm and humid location (>60% humidity) with more than 6 hours of bright but filtered light. Fortunately, this temperature is very similar (at the least the middle range of it) to what most households have (since humans enjoy temperatures between 65 and 75 degrees best). Choose a healthy stem and cut 3-6 inches of it. however, keeping it in . Their water requirements are low, but like a child needs more nutrition when growing, your plants also need more water in their growth phase. Porcelain Flower Hoya waxflower, waxplant, and waxvine. As this plant has thick leaves that, more or less, self-sustain their shape and texture, you do not have to prune it regularly. It may have a difference flower color or leaf pattern. Thus, if you want to let them grow naturally, baskets with some well-drained soil work the best, as this plant likes to develop a stronghold of the soil through the roots. They bloom twice a year. Checking with a bare finger is not a good idea, but if you accidentally touch them, you will sense that their little bodies are layered with a sticky fluid, referred to as honeydew. Be sure to fertilize appropriately to see blooms more than once a year. This plant began producing peduncles in January, so I used infrequent, half strength fertilizer once I noticed that growth happening. If you place multiple node cuttings in the container you may be able to cut the cutting into single node cuttings after it has rooted. The flowers are a bright lipstick red with a pale center and a vibrant yellow middle. This is not something to worry about. Sign up to get all the latest gardening tips! Fill a pot with a well-drained potting mix, such as one containing perlite, vermiculite, or clean sand to improve drainage. Stem propagation is the best way to grow more Hoya Nummularioides at home. if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'soilseedandgarden_com-portrait-1','ezslot_19',176,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-soilseedandgarden_com-portrait-1-0');Therefore, if you live below Zone 10 and experience freezing winters, it is a good idea to bring the plant indoors before the cold weather arrives (if you take it outside during the warmer months). Leave the glass jar in a well-lit spot with indirect light. Instead, it takes a few months to see entire vines grow. "@type": "Answer", You can grow it in the garden, in ornamental hanging baskets, or even place the pot at your work desk. And it needs to stay in moderate to warm temperatures as well. This is where it grows best. These are some essential tips and tricks to make Hoya plant propagation process work. It needs a lot of light. Partial sun. No special care requirements . { In fact, an entire umbel (which can have as many as 20 flowers) is smaller than two of your fingers put together. Listed at the end of the article are over 550 recognized species. Only go up one post size at a time too! Be careful not to overwater because soggy soil may rot the stem. The Hoya Nummularioides is an easy to care vining epiphyte that belongs to the Apocynaceae family. Propagating hoya is possible in the fall and winter as well, but the success rate is lower, and the process takes longer. Place your jar on a window or terrace where it has access to sunlight, but not directly. The road to successful propagation by using stem cuttings. The leaf plate is in the form of a cluster, convex at the base, ants often accumulate in it, equipping . We earn from qualifying purchases. I can feel the improvement whenever I fertilize my plant every few months. In doing so, it increases humidity. Nevertheless, this species proliferates and repotting your plant every two years would be an innovative idea. HOYA NUMMULARIOIDES: ASC: $12.00: Thick fuzzy dark green leaves, good grower, white and pink flowers. Make sure your soil is well draining, always pour out saucers meant to catch excess water under your plants, and stick watering your plant only when the top two inches of soil are dry. This is a rather slow growing hoya which is best gronw hanging, but I think it would work on a support too though it needs a little help to stay on there. This means its searching for light and once it has been established leaves will start to grow.if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'gardenbiology_com-large-leaderboard-2','ezslot_6',110,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-gardenbiology_com-large-leaderboard-2-0'); Some of the signs your Hoya Nummularioides has been invaded by aphids are yellow leaves curling at the edges, swollen and pulpy stem, and deformed flowers. However, when this happens, the roots usually have sustained some kind of damage. if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'soilseedandgarden_com-leader-1','ezslot_6',134,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-soilseedandgarden_com-leader-1-0');Ideal humidity for the Hoya Nummularioides is 50% to 75%. Provided that you have selected a healthy one for Hoya plant propagation, of course. This makes an east or west facing windows ideal. "@type": "Answer", Change the water occasionally, and in about 4 to 6 weeks, your plant will be ready for transplant. If your surroundings are naturally dry, do not worry because you can improve the humidity. It is one of the few varieties of Hoya Pubera. Although they all have similar care there may be a few differences to pay attention to. You have to put your potting mix in a clean pot. Hoya Nummularioides is a delightful species, and it does not require any exceptional care. During the warmer months, the plant will need regular watering as it is actively growing. About 50% of the leaf cuttings will produce roots. It's best to provide a resting period from fertilizer whenever your plant is not in active growth. Root rot is the most serious problem your plant faces. The cutting will likewise grow faster under moderate to warm temperature and high humidity. It produces clusters of small white flowers with a deliciously sweet fragrance. Once the roots are formed, you can separate the plants. Hoya is a striking, long-lived plant that may even surprise you with sweet-smelling, star-shaped blooms. Both have warm to hot weather with no snow during winters. Here are some trellis height examples: for my H. schneei (small leaves) I use a 8.5" high trellis (from soil line to top of trellis), for my H. pubicalyx 'Red Buttons' (compact leaf growth, smallish/narrow leaves) I use a 13" high trellis, and for H. motoskei (not as . "mainEntity": [ These problems may include dropping leaves, root rot, leafless vine, and aphids. And as you go up or down away from the range, youll notice the plants growth will slow down. "@type": "Answer", No particular hazards, as such, are known for this plant. Hoya Nummularioides can be purchased in local nurseries, however, hunting them down could be quite tedious. Pick a healthy stem with at least 1-2 nodes and a few leaves on it. Use an extremely well draining hoya soil and water the plant more frequently within the first few weeks of potting on, but try to only wet the substrate around where the roots are developing at first. } But, I assure you, it is not necessary as propagating hoya is quite easy even without that.

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